CSCI 1100 - Test 2 Overview and Practice Questions

Here’s a Python function that compares two dates given as lists of month and year and returns -1, 0, or 1 based on their order:

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def compare_date(date1, date2):
    month1, year1 = date1
    month2, year2 = date2
    
    if year1 < year2:
        return -1
    elif year1 > year2:
        return 1
    else:
        if month1 < month2:
            return -1
        elif month1 > month2:
            return 1
        else:
            return 0

Explanation:

1. The function compare_date takes two arguments, date1 and date2, which are lists containing the month and year of each date.

2. We unpack the month and year from each date list into separate variables: month1, year1, month2, and year2.

3. We first compare the years:

   • If year1 is less than year2, we return -1 since the first date is earlier.
   • If year1 is greater than year2, we return 1 since the first date is later.
   • If year1 is equal to year2, we move on to compare the months.

4. If the years are the same, we compare the months:

   • If month1 is less than month2, we return -1 since the first date is earlier.
   • If month1 is greater than month2, we return 1 since the first date is later.
   • If month1 is equal to month2, we return 0 since the dates are the same.

The function correctly handles any legal input for month and year. It compares the years first, and if they are the same, it compares the months to determine the order of the dates.

You can test the function with the provided example calls:

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print(compare_date([10, 1995], [8, 1995]))  # Output: 1
print(compare_date([5, 2010], [5, 2010]))   # Output: 0
print(compare_date([10, 1993], [8, 1998]))  # Output: -1

The function will return the expected output for each example call.

Here’s the Python code to find and print the highest two values in a list v:

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if len(v) >= 2:
    highest = max(v)
    v.remove(highest)
    second_highest = max(v)
    print(second_highest, highest)
elif len(v) == 1:
    print(v[0])

Explanation:

1. We start by checking the length of the list v using the len() function.

2. If the length of v is greater than or equal to 2, it means there are at least two elements in the list. In this case:

   • We find the highest value in the list using the max() function and store it in the variable highest.
   • We remove the highest value from the list using the remove() method. This is done to find the second highest value.
   • We find the second highest value in the updated list using max() again and store it in the variable second_highest.
   • Finally, we print the second_highest and highest values separated by a space.

3. If the length of v is equal to 1, it means there is only one element in the list. In this case:

   • We simply print the only element in the list, which is accessed using v[0].

4. If the length of v is 0 (i.e., the list is empty), the code will not execute any of the conditions, and nothing will be printed.

Examples:

1. If v = [7, 3, 1, 5, 10, 6], the output will be:

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   7 10

2. If v = [7], the output will be:

   1

   7

3. If v = [] (an empty list), no output will be generated.

This code efficiently finds and prints the highest two values in the list, handles the case when there is only one element, and does nothing if the list is empty.

Here’s the Python code that prints all Italian restaurants in the restaurants list that have no ratings of value 1 and at least one rating of value 5:

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for restaurant in restaurants:
    if restaurant[1] == 'Italian' and 1 not in restaurant[2:] and 5 in restaurant[2:]:
        print(restaurant[0])

Explanation:

1. We start by iterating over each restaurant in the restaurants list using a for loop. Each restaurant is represented as a sublist within the restaurants list.

2. Inside the loop, we check three conditions using an if statement:

   • restaurant[1] == 'Italian': This condition checks if the second element of the current restaurant sublist is equal to the string ‘Italian’. This ensures that we are only considering Italian restaurants.
   • 1 not in restaurant[2:]: This condition checks if the value 1 is not present in the ratings of the current restaurant. We use slicing (restaurant[2:]) to consider only the ratings, which start from the third element of the sublist.
   • 5 in restaurant[2:]: This condition checks if the value 5 is present in the ratings of the current restaurant. Again, we use slicing to consider only the ratings.

3. If all three conditions are satisfied for a restaurant, it means that the restaurant is Italian, has no ratings of value 1, and has at least one rating of value 5. In this case, we print the name of the restaurant, which is the first element of the restaurant sublist (restaurant[0]).

4. The loop continues to the next restaurant in the restaurants list until all restaurants have been checked.

Using the example restaurants list provided:

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restaurants = [
    ['Acme', 'Italian', 2, 4, 3, 5],
    ['Flintstone', 'Steak', 5, 2, 4, 3, 3, 4],
    ['Bella Troy', 'Italian', 1, 4, 5]
]

The output of the code will be:

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Acme

Only ‘Acme’ is printed because it is an Italian restaurant with no ratings of value 1 and at least one rating of value 5. ‘Flintstone’ is not Italian, and ‘Bella Troy’ has a rating of value 1, so they are not printed.

This code will work for any valid restaurants list that follows the specified format.

To create a list called high that stores the names of all restaurants with an average rating of at least 4.0, you can modify the for loop as follows:

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in_file = open('yelp.txt')
high = []
for line in in_file:
    p_line = parse_line(line)
    if p_line[-1] >= 4.0:
        high.append(p_line[0])

Explanation:

1. Before the for loop, we initialize an empty list called high to store the names of the restaurants with high average ratings.

2. Inside the for loop, we parse each line of the file using the parse_line function, which returns a list p_line with the restaurant’s information.

3. We check if the last element of p_line (i.e., p_line[-1]), which represents the average rating, is greater than or equal to 4.0 using the condition if p_line[-1] >= 4.0.

4. If the condition is true, it means the restaurant has an average rating of at least 4.0. In this case, we append the name of the restaurant, which is the first element of p_line (i.e., p_line[0]), to the high list using high.append(p_line[0]).

5. The loop continues to the next line in the file until all lines have been processed.

After the loop finishes, the high list will contain the names of all restaurants with an average rating of at least 4.0.

For example, if the yelp.txt file contains the following lines:

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Meka's Lounge,42.74,-73.69,Bars,[5,2,4,4,3,4,5],3.857
Joe's Diner,40.71,-74.01,American,[4,3,5,4,4,5],4.167
Sushi Spot,37.78,-122.41,Japanese,[4,4,5,3,4,4,5],4.143

After running the modified code, the high list will contain:

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['Joe's Diner', 'Sushi Spot']

These are the names of the restaurants with an average rating of at least 4.0.

Note that we don’t print the high list in the code as per the requirement. The list will be available for further use if needed.

Here’s a Python function chess_score that calculates the combined values of the chess pieces represented by a string without using any if statements or loops:

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def chess_score(pieces):
    return pieces.count('P') + pieces.count('B') * 3 + pieces.count('K') * 3 + pieces.count('R') * 5 + pieces.count('Q') * 9

Explanation:

1. The function chess_score takes a single string pieces as an argument, which represents the captured chess pieces.

2. To calculate the score, we use the count() method of the string to count the occurrences of each piece and multiply it by its corresponding value:

   • pieces.count('P'): Counts the number of Pawns (‘P’) in the string and multiplies it by 1 (the value of a Pawn).
   • pieces.count('B') * 3: Counts the number of Bishops (‘B’) in the string and multiplies it by 3 (the value of a Bishop).
   • pieces.count('K') * 3: Counts the number of Knights (‘K’) in the string and multiplies it by 3 (the value of a Knight).
   • pieces.count('R') * 5: Counts the number of Rooks (‘R’) in the string and multiplies it by 5 (the value of a Rook).
   • pieces.count('Q') * 9: Counts the number of Queens (‘Q’) in the string and multiplies it by 9 (the value of a Queen).

3. The function returns the sum of all the calculated values, which represents the total score of the captured pieces.

Example usage:

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print(chess_score('BQBP'))

Output:

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16

Explanation:

• The string ‘BQBP’ contains 2 Bishops (‘B’), 1 Queen (‘Q’), and 1 Pawn (‘P’).
• The score is calculated as follows:
  • 2 Bishops * 3 points each = 6 points
  • 1 Queen * 9 points each = 9 points
  • 1 Pawn * 1 point each = 1 point
• The total score is 6 + 9 + 1 = 16.

This function calculates the chess score based on the captured pieces represented by the input string without using any if statements or loops. It utilizes the count() method to count the occurrences of each piece and multiplies them by their respective values to obtain the total score.

Here’s the Python program that reads integers from a file, sums them based on their positions, and outputs the resulting sums:

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# Open the file for reading
with open('input.txt', 'r') as file:
    # Initialize variables to store the sums
    sum1 = 0
    sum2 = 0
    sum3 = 0
    
    # Read each line from the file
    for line in file:
        # Split the line into individual integers
        integers = line.strip().split(',')
        
        # Convert the integers to int and add them to the respective sums
        sum1 += int(integers[0])
        sum2 += int(integers[1])
        sum3 += int(integers[2])
    
    # Print the resulting sums separated by commas
    print(f"{sum1}, {sum2}, {sum3}")

Explanation:

1. We start by opening the file named ‘input.txt’ for reading using the with statement. This ensures that the file is properly closed after we’re done reading from it.

2. We initialize three variables sum1, sum2, and sum3 to store the sums of the first, second, and third integers, respectively.

3. We use a for loop to read each line from the file. The file object is iterable, so we can directly iterate over its lines.

4. For each line, we use the strip() method to remove any leading or trailing whitespace, and then we use the split(',') method to split the line into individual integers based on the comma separator. This gives us a list of strings representing the integers.

5. We convert each integer string to an actual integer using the int() function and add it to the respective sum variable (sum1, sum2, or sum3) based on its position in the line.

6. After processing all the lines, we have the final sums stored in sum1, sum2, and sum3.

7. Finally, we use the print() function to output the resulting sums separated by commas. We use an f-string to format the output, where {sum1}, {sum2}, and {sum3} are placeholders for the actual sum values.

Make sure to save the input data in a file named ‘input.txt’ in the same directory as the Python script. When you run the script, it will read the integers from the file, calculate the sums, and output the resulting sums separated by commas.

Single line of Python code to generate the ranges:

(a) list(range(100, -1, -1))
(b) list(range(55, -2, -2))
(c) list(range(3, 30, 2))
(d) list(range(-95, 91, 5))

Using a loop to generate the ranges:

(a)

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L = []
for i in range(100, -1, -1):
    L.append(i)

(b)

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L = []
for i in range(55, -2, -2):
    L.append(i)

(c)

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L = []
for i in range(3, 30, 2):
    L.append(i)

(d)

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L = []
for i in range(-95, 91, 5):
    L.append(i)

Explanation:

1. Single line of Python code:

   • We use the range() function to generate the desired range of numbers.
   • The range() function takes three arguments: start, stop, and step.
     • start: The starting number of the range (inclusive).
     • stop: The ending number of the range (exclusive).
     • step: The difference between each number in the range.
   • We wrap the range() function with the list() function to convert the range object into a list.

2. Using a loop:

   • We initialize an empty list L to store the numbers.
   • We use a for loop to iterate over the desired range of numbers.
   • Inside the loop, we use the append() method to add each number to the list L.
   • The loop parameters are the same as the range() function arguments:
     • start: The starting number of the range (inclusive).
     • stop: The ending number of the range (exclusive).
     • step: The difference between each number in the range.

Both approaches generate the same ranges of numbers. The single line of code is more concise, while the loop approach allows for more flexibility and customization if needed.

Here’s the Python code that uses a while loop to add all the numbers in a list v until it reaches a negative number or the end of the list:

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i = 0
result = 0

while i < len(v) and v[i] >= 0:
    result += v[i]
    i += 1

Explanation:

1. We initialize two variables:

   • i: It serves as the index variable to keep track of the current position in the list v. It starts from 0, representing the first element of the list.
   • result: It stores the sum of the numbers. It is initialized to 0.

2. We start a while loop with two conditions:

   • i < len(v): This condition checks if the index i is within the bounds of the list v. It ensures that we don’t go beyond the last element of the list.
   • v[i] >= 0: This condition checks if the current element at index i is non-negative. It ensures that we stop adding numbers when we encounter a negative number.

3. Inside the loop:

   • We add the current element at index i to the result variable using the += operator. This accumulates the sum of the numbers.
   • We increment the index i by 1 using i += 1 to move to the next element in the list.

4. The loop continues until either of the conditions becomes false:

   • If i becomes equal to or greater than len(v), it means we have reached the end of the list, and the loop terminates.
   • If the current element at index i is negative (v[i] < 0), the loop terminates.

5. After the loop ends, the result variable will contain the sum of all the numbers in the list v until a negative number is encountered or the end of the list is reached.

Let’s test the code with the given examples:

Example 1:

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v = [10, 12, 3, -5, 5, 6]

After the loop, result will be 25 because the loop stops when it reaches the negative number -5.

Example 2:

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v = [0, 10, 3, 6, 5, 1]

After the loop, result will also be 25 because the loop adds all the numbers until it reaches the end of the list.

The code works correctly for any list v containing only numbers, and it stops adding numbers when it encounters a negative number or reaches the end of the list.

Here’s the Python code that takes a list of numbers, v, and outputs the positive values in increasing order, one value per line, or ‘None’ if there are no positive values:

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positive_values = sorted(filter(lambda x: x > 0, v))

if positive_values:
    for value in positive_values:
        print(value)
else:
    print('None')

Explanation:

1. We use the filter() function to create an iterator that contains only the positive values from the list v. The lambda function lambda x: x > 0 is used as the filtering condition, which returns True for values greater than 0 (positive values).

2. We pass the iterator returned by filter() to the sorted() function, which sorts the positive values in ascending order. The result is stored in the positive_values list.

3. We use an if-else statement to check if there are any positive values in the positive_values list:

   • If positive_values is not empty (evaluates to True), it means there are positive values in the list.
     • We use a for loop to iterate over each value in positive_values.
     • Inside the loop, we use the print() function to output each positive value on a separate line.
   • If positive_values is empty (evaluates to False), it means there are no positive values in the list.
     • We use the print() function to output the string ‘None’.

Let’s test the code with the given examples:

Example 1:

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v = [17, -5, 15, -3, 12, -5, 0, 12, 22, -1]

Output:

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12
12
15
17
22

Example 2:

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v = [-17, -5, -15, -3, -12, -5, 0, -12, -22, -1]

Output:

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None

The code correctly outputs the positive values in increasing order, one value per line, for the first example. For the second example, where there are no positive values, it outputs ‘None’.

Note: The code assumes that there is at least one value in the list v, as mentioned in the problem statement.

The output of the given operations will be as follows:

Operation 1:

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>>> mylist = [1,4,8,12,6]
>>> x = mylist.sort()
>>> print(x)

Output:

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None

Explanation:

• The sort() method sorts the list mylist in place, modifying the original list.
• The sort() method returns None, not the sorted list.
• When you assign the result of mylist.sort() to x, x becomes None.
• Printing x outputs None.

Operation 2:

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>>> mylist = [1,4,8,12,6]
>>> slice1 = mylist[2:4]
>>> slice1[0] = 20
>>> print(slice1)

Output:

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[20, 12]

Explanation:

• mylist[2:4] creates a new list slice1 containing elements from index 2 to 3 (exclusive) of mylist.
• slice1 is a separate list from mylist, and modifying slice1 does not affect mylist.
• slice1[0] = 20 assigns the value 20 to the first element of slice1.
• Printing slice1 outputs [20, 12].

Operation 3:

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>>> print(mylist)

Output:

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[1, 4, 8, 12, 6]

Explanation:

• mylist remains unchanged from its original state [1, 4, 8, 12, 6].
• The modifications made to slice1 in Operation 2 do not affect mylist.
• Printing mylist outputs [1, 4, 8, 12, 6].

In summary:

• Operation 1 outputs None because sort() modifies the list in place and returns None.
• Operation 2 outputs [20, 12] because slice1 is a separate list, and modifying it does not affect mylist.
• Operation 3 outputs [1, 4, 8, 12, 6] because mylist remains unchanged from its original state.

The output of the given program will be:

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0
1
0
1

Explanation:

1. The program defines two functions: spam() and egg().

2. The spam() function takes four parameters (a1, b1, a2, b2) and returns 1 if a1 is equal to a2 and b1 is greater than b2. Otherwise, it returns 0.

3. The egg() function takes four parameters (a1, b1, a2, b2) and returns 0 if a1 is greater than a2 and b1 is equal to b2. Otherwise, it returns 1.

4. The program initializes four variables: a1 = 3, b1 = 4, a2 = 6, and b2 = 4.

5. The first print() statement calls the spam() function with arguments (a2, b2, a1, b1), which are (6, 4, 3, 4). Since a2 (6) is not equal to a1 (3), the function returns 0. Therefore, the first output is 0.

6. The second print() statement calls the egg() function with arguments (a1, b1, a2, b2), which are (3, 4, 6, 4). Since a1 (3) is not greater than a2 (6), the function returns 1. Therefore, the second output is 1.

7. The variable c is assigned the result of calling the spam() function with arguments (a1, b2, a2, b1), which are (3, 4, 6, 4). Since a1 (3) is not equal to a2 (6), the function returns 0. Therefore, c is assigned the value 0.

8. The third print() statement outputs the value of c, which is 0.

9. The line c += egg(a1, b2, a2, b1) is equivalent to c = c + egg(a1, b2, a2, b1). It calls the egg() function with arguments (a1, b2, a2, b1), which are (3, 4, 6, 4). Since a1 (3) is not greater than a2 (6), the function returns 1. The returned value is added to the current value of c, which is 0. Therefore, c becomes 1.

10. The fourth print() statement outputs the updated value of c, which is 1.

In summary, the program outputs:

• 0 (result of spam(a2, b2, a1, b1))
• 1 (result of egg(a1, b1, a2, b2))
• 0 (value of c after calling spam(a1, b2, a2, b1))
• 1 (value of c after adding the result of egg(a1, b2, a2, b1) to the previous value of c)

Here’s the solution to the problem:

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def copy_half(file1, file2):
    with open(file1, 'r') as input_file, open(file2, 'w') as output_file:
        lines = input_file.readlines()
        for i in range(0, len(lines), 2):
            output_file.write(lines[i])

Explanation:

1. The function copy_half takes two arguments: file1 (the input file) and file2 (the output file).

2. We open both files using the with statement, which ensures that the files are properly closed after we’re done with them. We open file1 in read mode (‘r’) and file2 in write mode (‘w’).

3. We read all the lines from the input file using readlines() and store them in the lines list.

4. We start a for loop that iterates over the indices of lines with a step of 2 using range(0, len(lines), 2). This ensures that we process only the odd-indexed lines (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.).

5. Inside the loop, we write each odd-indexed line to the output file using output_file.write(lines[i]). This copies the line from the input file to the output file.

6. The loop continues until all the odd-indexed lines have been processed and written to the output file.

7. After the loop finishes, the with statement automatically closes both files.

So, when you call the function copy_half('in.txt', 'out.txt'), it will read the contents of ‘in.txt’, copy the odd-indexed lines (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.), and write them to ‘out.txt’. The resulting ‘out.txt’ file will contain only the odd lines from ‘in.txt’.

Here’s the code segment that reads integers from the file test2.txt, stores the positive values in a list P, stores the negative values in a list N, and skips blank lines and zeros:

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P = []
N = []

with open('test2.txt', 'r') as file:
    for line in file:
        line = line.strip()
        if line:
            num = int(line)
            if num > 0:
                P.append(num)
            elif num < 0:
                N.append(num)

Explanation:

1. We initialize two empty lists: P to store the positive values and N to store the negative values.

2. We open the file test2.txt in read mode using the with statement, which ensures that the file is properly closed after we’re done with it.

3. We start a for loop that iterates over each line in the file using for line in file:.

4. For each line, we use line.strip() to remove any leading or trailing whitespace characters (including newline characters).

5. We check if the stripped line is not empty using if line:. This condition skips blank lines.

6. If the line is not empty, we convert it to an integer using int(line) and store it in the variable num.

7. We then check the value of num:

   • If num is greater than 0, we append it to the list P using P.append(num).
   • If num is less than 0, we append it to the list N using N.append(num).
   • If num is equal to 0, we skip it and move on to the next line.

8. The loop continues until all the lines in the file have been processed.

9. After the loop finishes, the with statement automatically closes the file.

So, after running this code segment, the list P will contain the positive values from the file test2.txt in the order they appeared, and the list N will contain the negative values in the order they appeared. Blank lines and zeros will be skipped.

For the given example, if test2.txt contains:

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4
5

    11
-3

5
  0

Then the resulting lists will be:

• P = [11, 5]
• N = [-3]

(a) Output:

1

2 3

Explanation:

1. The variable i is initialized to 4.
2. The list L is defined as [0, 12, 3, 5, 2, -1].
3. The while loop starts with the condition 0 <= i and i < len(L), which is true since i is 4 and the length of L is 6.
4. Inside the loop, the condition L[i] < 0 is checked. Since L[4] is 2, which is not less than 0, the else block is executed.
5. In the else block, i is assigned the value of L[i], which is L[4] = 2. So, i becomes 2.
6. The loop continues with the updated value of i, and the condition 0 <= i and i < len(L) is still true.
7. The condition L[i] < 0 is checked again. Since L[2] is 3, which is not less than 0, the else block is executed.
8. In the else block, i is assigned the value of L[i], which is L[2] = 3. So, i becomes 3.
9. The loop continues with the updated value of i, and the condition 0 <= i and i < len(L) is still true.
10. The condition L[i] < 0 is checked again. Since L[3] is 5, which is not less than 0, the else block is executed.
11. In the else block, i is assigned the value of L[i], which is L[3] = 5. So, i becomes 5.
12. The loop continues with the updated value of i, but the condition 0 <= i and i < len(L) is now false since i is 5, which is not less than the length of L.
13. The loop terminates, and the values of i and L[i] are printed. At this point, i is 5 and L[5] is -1.
14. Therefore, the output is 2 3.

(b) Output:

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2
3
4
5
6

3
2
3
7
3
7

Explanation:

1. The variable tough is initialized to 2.
2. The outer for loop starts with i ranging from 0 to 1 (two iterations).
3. In the first iteration (i = 0):
   • s is initialized to 1.
   • The inner for loop starts with j ranging from 0 to 1 (two iterations).
   • In each iteration of the inner loop, s is incremented by tough, which is 2. So, s becomes 3.
   • After the inner loop, s is printed, which is 3.
   • tough is printed, which is 2.
   • tough is updated with the value of s, so tough becomes 3.
   • The updated value of tough is printed, which is 3.
4. In the second iteration (i = 1):
   • s is initialized to 1.
   • The inner for loop starts with j ranging from 1 to 2 (two iterations).
   • In each iteration of the inner loop, s is incremented by tough, which is now 3. So, s becomes 7.
   • After the inner loop, s is printed, which is 7.
   • tough is printed, which is 3.
   • tough is updated with the value of s, so tough becomes 7.
   • The updated value of tough is printed, which is 7.
5. The outer loop terminates, and the program ends.
6. Therefore, the output is:

   1 2 3 4 5 6

   3 2 3 7 3 7

The output from the given code will be:

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2
3
4
5
6
7

So long
4
19
19
4
4
4

Explanation:

1. The list v is initialized with the values [14, 19, 4, 5, 12, 8].
2. The if condition len(v) > 10 and get_min(v) > 6 is evaluated:
   • len(v) is 6, which is not greater than 10.
   • The function get_min(v) is called, which sorts the list v in ascending order and returns the first element, which is 4. However, 4 is not greater than 6.
   • Since both conditions are not satisfied, the else block is executed.
3. Inside the else block:
   • The string “So long” is printed.
   • v[0], which is 4, is printed.
   • v[-1], which is 19, is printed.
4. The next if condition len(v) < 10 or get_max(v) is evaluated:
   • len(v) is 6, which is less than 10, so the condition is true.
   • The function get_max(v) is called, which returns the maximum value in the list v, which is 19. Since 19 is a truthy value, the condition is also true.
   • Since either of the conditions is true, the block inside the if statement is executed.
5. Inside the if block:
   • get_max(v), which is 19, is printed.
   • v[0], which is 4, is printed.
   • get_min(v), which is 4 (since the list v is already sorted from the previous call to get_min()), is printed.
   • v[0], which is 4, is printed again.
6. The program ends.

Therefore, the output will be:

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2
3
4
5
6
7

So long
4
19
19
4
4
4

The output from the given code will be:

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2
3

1, 0
5, 5
5, 6

Explanation:

1. The function elephant(height) is defined, which takes an integer height as input.
2. Inside the function:
   • The variable time_step is initialized to 1.
   • The variable steps is initialized to 0.
   • A while loop is started, which continues as long as steps is less than height.
   • Inside the loop:
     • steps is incremented by time_step.
     • steps is decremented by time_step // 3 (integer division).
     • time_step is incremented by 1.
   • After the loop ends, the values of time_step and steps are printed using the print() function with the format string "{}, {}".
3. The function elephant() is called with different arguments:
   • elephant(0):
     • The loop is not executed since steps (0) is not less than height (0).
     • The values of time_step (1) and steps (0) are printed.
   • elephant(5):
     • The loop iterates until steps becomes greater than or equal to height (5).
     • In each iteration:
       • steps is incremented by time_step (1, 2, 3, 4).
       • steps is decremented by time_step // 3 (0, 0, 1, 1).
       • time_step is incremented by 1.
     • After the loop ends, the values of time_step (5) and steps (5) are printed.
   • elephant(6):
     • The loop iterates until steps becomes greater than or equal to height (6).
     • The loop behaves similarly to the previous case, but since height is 6, the loop ends when steps becomes 6.
     • After the loop ends, the values of time_step (5) and steps (6) are printed.
4. The program ends.

Therefore, the output will be:

1
2
3

1, 0
5, 5
5, 6

Output:

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3
4

Six
[12, 8]
hello
5

Explanation:

1. The function remove_something(z) is defined, which removes the element at index z[0] from the list z.
2. The list v is initialized with the values [1, 8, [12, 8], 'hello', 'car'].
3. The variable x is assigned the string value 'salad'.
4. The if condition len(v[2]) >= 2 is evaluated:
   • v[2] is [12, 8], and its length is 2, so the condition is true.
5. The if condition x > v[3] is evaluated:
   • x is 'salad' and v[3] is 'hello'. Since 'salad' is lexicographically greater than 'hello', the condition is false.
6. The elif condition len(v) == 5 is evaluated:
   • len(v) is 5, so the condition is true.
   • The string 'Six' is printed.
7. The function remove_something(v) is called with v as the argument:
   • Inside the function, z[0] is 1, so z[z[0]] is z[1], which is 8.
   • The element 8 is removed from the list v.
8. v[1] is printed, which is now [12, 8] (since 8 was removed from the list).
9. v[2] is printed, which is now 'hello' (since the element at index 1 was removed).
10. The string x ('salad') is appended to the list v.
11. len(v) is printed, which is now 5 (since one element was removed and one element was added).
12. The program ends.

Therefore, the output will be:

1
2
3
4

Six
[12, 8]
hello
5

Here’s the Python code to print the grid in the desired format:

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def print_grid(grid):
    n = len(grid)
    mid = n // 2

    for i in range(n):
        row = grid[i]
        for j in range(n):
            if j == mid:
                print("|", end=" ")
            print(row[j], end=" ")
        print()
        if i == mid - 1:
            print("-" * (n * 2 + 1))

# Example usage
grid = [[1,2,3,4],[4,3,2,1],[2,1,4,2],[2,1,4,5]]
print_grid(grid)

Explanation:

1. The function print_grid takes a list of lists grid as input, representing the NxN grid.

2. We calculate the length of the grid n and the middle index mid by dividing n by 2 using integer division (//).

3. We start a loop that iterates over each row of the grid using the index i.

4. For each row, we retrieve the current row row from the grid using grid[i].

5. We start another loop that iterates over each element of the current row using the index j.

6. Inside the inner loop, we check if the current column index j is equal to the middle index mid. If it is, we print a vertical bar (|) followed by a space.

7. We print the current element row[j] followed by a space.

8. After printing all the elements of the current row, we move to the next line using print().

9. After printing each row, we check if the current row index i is equal to mid - 1. If it is, we print a horizontal line (-) of length n * 2 + 1 (the number of elements in each row multiplied by 2 plus 1 for the vertical bar).

10. Finally, we provide an example usage of the print_grid function by creating a 4x4 grid and calling the function with the grid as an argument.

The output will be:

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4
5

1 2 | 3 4 
4 3 | 2 1 
----|----
2 1 | 4 2 
2 1 | 4 5 

This code prints the grid in the desired format, with a vertical bar (|) in the middle of each row and a horizontal line (-) in the middle of the grid.

Here’s the Python code that repeatedly asks the user for numbers until ‘stop’ is entered, and then reports the sum of the values and the count of values strictly greater than zero:

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def sum_and_count_numbers():
    total_sum = 0
    count_positive = 0

    while True:
        user_input = input("Enter a value ==> ")
        if user_input == 'stop':
            break

        try:
            number = float(user_input)
            total_sum += number
            if number > 0:
                count_positive += 1
        except ValueError:
            print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number.")

    print("Sum:", total_sum)
    print("Values > 0:", count_positive)

# Example usage
sum_and_count_numbers()

Explanation:

1. The function sum_and_count_numbers is defined to perform the desired task.

2. We initialize two variables: total_sum to keep track of the sum of all the numbers entered by the user, and count_positive to count the number of values strictly greater than zero.

3. We start an infinite loop using while True to repeatedly ask the user for input.

4. Inside the loop, we prompt the user to enter a value using input() and store it in the user_input variable.

5. We check if the user_input is equal to ‘stop’. If it is, we break out of the loop using the break statement, indicating that the user wants to stop entering values.

6. If the user_input is not ‘stop’, we attempt to convert it to a float using float() and store it in the number variable. We use a try-except block to handle any potential ValueError that may occur if the user enters an invalid input.

7. If the conversion to float is successful, we add the number to the total_sum using the += operator.

8. We then check if the number is strictly greater than zero using the condition number > 0. If it is, we increment the count_positive variable by 1.

9. If a ValueError occurs during the conversion to float, we catch the exception and print an error message to inform the user to enter a valid number.

10. After the loop ends (when the user enters ‘stop’), we print the total_sum and count_positive values using print().

11. Finally, we provide an example usage of the sum_and_count_numbers function by calling it.

The code will repeatedly prompt the user to enter values until ‘stop’ is entered. It will calculate the sum of all the entered values and count the number of values strictly greater than zero. The output will be similar to the example run provided in the question.

Here’s the correct implementation of the remove_val function that removes all occurrences of val from the list l:

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def remove_val(l, val):
    while val in l:
        l.remove(val)

Explanation:

• The function remove_val takes two parameters: l (the list) and val (the value to be removed).
• We use a while loop to repeatedly check if val is present in the list l using the in operator.
• If val is found in the list, we remove it using the list.remove() method.
• The loop continues until all occurrences of val are removed from the list.

Now, let’s discuss why the two given implementations (a) and (b) do not work correctly:

(a) Using a for loop:

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4

def remove_val(l, val):
    for item in l:
        if item == val:
            l.remove(val)

Explanation:

• The problem with this implementation is that it modifies the list while iterating over it using a for loop.
• When an element is removed from the list, the indices of the subsequent elements shift, causing the loop to skip some elements.
• As a result, not all occurrences of val are removed from the list.

(b) Using range() and pop():

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4

def remove_val(l, val):
    for index in range(len(l)):
        if l[index] == val:
            l.pop(index)

Explanation:

• This implementation also suffers from the same issue as (a).
• When an element is removed using pop(), the indices of the subsequent elements shift.
• However, the loop continues to the next index, potentially skipping elements that match val.
• Consequently, not all occurrences of val are removed from the list.

To understand the issue more clearly, you can run the code in a debugger and step through it to see how the indices change after each removal.

The correct approach is to use a while loop as shown in the first implementation. It repeatedly checks for the presence of val in the list and removes it until all occurrences are eliminated.

Example usage:

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3

x = [1, 4, 2, 1, 2, 4, 4, 2, 5, 5, 2]
remove_val(x, 4)
print(x)  # Output: [1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 2]

The function modifies the original list x by removing all occurrences of the value 4.

Here’s a Python script that compares the scores of two athletes in various competitions and prints the index of the competitions in which a2 did better:

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def compare_scores(a1, a2):
    better_indices = []
    for i in range(len(a1)):
        if a2[i] > a1[i]:
            better_indices.append(i + 1)

    if better_indices:
        print("a2 is better in", ' '.join(map(str, better_indices)))
    else:
        print("a2 is never better")

# Example usage
a1 = [11, 8, 11, 9]
a2 = [11, 9, 8, 12]
compare_scores(a1, a2)

Explanation:

1. The function compare_scores takes two lists a1 and a2 as parameters, representing the scores of two athletes in various competitions.

2. We initialize an empty list called better_indices to store the indices of the competitions in which a2 did better.

3. We start a loop that iterates over the indices of the scores using range(len(a1)). Since both lists are assumed to have the same length, we can use the length of either list.

4. Inside the loop, we compare the scores of a2 and a1 at each index using the condition a2[i] > a1[i]. If a2 has a higher score at the current index, we append the index plus 1 to the better_indices list. We add 1 to the index because the competitions are numbered starting from 1.

5. After the loop ends, we check if the better_indices list is not empty using an if statement.

6. If better_indices is not empty, it means a2 did better in at least one competition. We print “a2 is better in” followed by the indices of the competitions where a2 did better. We use the join() method to concatenate the indices into a string, separated by spaces. The map(str, better_indices) is used to convert the indices to strings before joining them.

7. If better_indices is empty, it means a2 did not do better in any competition. In this case, we print “a2 is never better”.

8. Finally, we provide an example usage of the compare_scores function by calling it with the given lists a1 and a2.

The output for the example lists will be:

1

a2 is better in 2 4

This indicates that a2 did better in competitions 2 and 4.

If a2 never did better in any competition, the output will be:

1

a2 is never better

This script compares the scores of two athletes and prints the indices of the competitions in which a2 did better, or “a2 is never better” if a2 did not do better in any competition.

Here’s the output from the given code:

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5
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7
8

['dog', 'hawk', 'tiger']
['dog', 'hawk']
[]
[]
['dog', 'hawk', 'tiger', 'parrot']
['parrot', 'tiger', 'hawk', 'dog', 'cat']
['dog', 'tiger']
['parrot', 'hawk', 'cat']

Explanation:

1. print(L1[1:-1]):

   • This slices the list L1 from index 1 (inclusive) to the second-to-last index (exclusive).
   • The output is ['dog', 'hawk', 'tiger'].

2. print(L1[1:-2]):

   • This slices the list L1 from index 1 (inclusive) to the third-to-last index (exclusive).
   • The output is ['dog', 'hawk'].

3. print(L1[1:-4]):

   • This slices the list L1 from index 1 (inclusive) to the fifth-to-last index (exclusive).
   • Since there are only 5 elements in the list, this results in an empty slice.
   • The output is [].

4. print(L1[1:0]):

   • This slices the list L1 from index 1 (inclusive) to index 0 (exclusive).
   • Since the ending index is less than the starting index, this results in an empty slice.
   • The output is [].

5. print(L1[1:10]):

   • This slices the list L1 from index 1 (inclusive) to index 10 (exclusive).
   • Since the list has only 5 elements, the ending index goes beyond the list’s length, but it doesn’t cause an error. It simply includes all elements from index 1 to the end of the list.
   • The output is ['dog', 'hawk', 'tiger', 'parrot'].

6. print(L1[::-1]):

   • This slices the list L1 with a step of -1, which reverses the list.
   • The output is ['parrot', 'tiger', 'hawk', 'dog', 'cat'].

7. print(L1[1:4:2]):

   • This slices the list L1 from index 1 (inclusive) to index 4 (exclusive) with a step of 2.
   • It includes every second element within the specified range.
   • The output is ['dog', 'tiger'].

8. print(L1[::-2]):

   • This slices the list L1 with a step of -2, which reverses the list and includes every second element.
   • The output is ['parrot', 'hawk', 'cat'].

These examples demonstrate different ways of slicing a list in Python using start index, end index, and step size.

Here’s the output of each program:

Part a

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10
11
12

25 11
15 10
6 9
6 8
7 7
1 6
8 5
4 4
1 3
5 2
4 1
4 0

Explanation:

• The program starts with a = 25 and b = 11.
• It enters an infinite loop and prints the values of a and b in each iteration.
• Inside the loop, it checks if either a or b becomes less than or equal to 0. If so, it breaks out of the loop.
• If a is greater than b, it subtracts b from a. Otherwise, it subtracts a from b.
• After the subtraction, it decrements b by 1 and increments a by 1.
• The loop continues until the break condition is met, and the program terminates.

Part b

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3
4
5
6

10
4
8
1000
18
5.2

Explanation:

• The program iterates over the elements in mylist.
• For each element, it checks if the element is less than 0 using the condition if item < 0.
• If the element is less than 0, it skips that element using the continue statement and moves to the next iteration.
• If the element is greater than or equal to 0, it prints the element.
• The program continues until all elements in mylist have been processed.

Part c

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abcde
fghi
['ab', 'cd', 'de', 'fg', 'ab', 'cd', 'fg', 'hi']

Explanation:

• The program defines a function spam that takes a list l and a string s as parameters.
• Inside the function, it calculates the middle index m of the string s using integer division.
• It splits the string s into two halves: s1 (from the start to the middle index) and s2 (from the middle index to the end).
• It checks if s1 is not present in the list l using l.count(s1) == 0. If so, it appends s1 to the list l.
• Similarly, it checks if s2 is not present in the list l using l.count(s2) == 0. If so, it appends s2 to the list l.
• The program initializes a list l with ['ab', 'cd', 'de', 'fg'] and two strings s1 and s2.
• It calls the spam function with l and s1 as arguments.
• It prints the value of s1, which remains unchanged.
• It calls the spam function again with l and s2 as arguments, but the return value is not assigned to any variable.
• It prints the value of s2, which remains unchanged.
• Finally, it prints the updated list l, which includes the original elements and the split halves of s1 and s2 that were not already present in the list.

These programs demonstrate different concepts such as loops, conditionals, list manipulation, and function calls in Python.

Here’s the output for each code snippet:

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10
11
12
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15
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18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52

64
256
----------------
2
4
6
8
----------------
2
4
6
8
[1, 2, 3, (7, 8, 'truck')]
----------------
['net', 'ultra', 'dusk', 'great', 'great']
False
['net', 'ultra', 'dusk', 'great']
False
['net', 'ultra', 'dusk']
False
----------------
[[3, 5], [6, 8, 10, 7], [6, 8, 10]]
----------------
-*-*-*-*-*-
----------------
1and2and3and4
['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7']
['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '8']
----------------
True
----------------
True
----------------
['!', '100', '44', '5', 'P', 'Pika', 'p', 'pIka', 'pika']
None
['!', '100', '44', '5', 'P', 'Pika', 'p', 'pIka', 'pika']
None
['!', '100', '44', '5', 'P', 'Pika', 'p', 'pIka', 'pika']
['pika', 'pIka', 'p', 'Pika', 'P', '5', '44', '100', '!']
----------------
(1, 2, 3, 4)
['1pika', '2pika', '3pika', '4pika']
----------------
['Oshawott', 'Squirtle']
['Froakie', 'Kyogre']
['Kyogre', 'Squirtle']
['Squirtle', 'Oshawott']
None
['Oshawott', 'Froakie', 'Squirtle', 'Kyogre']
['Oshawott', 'Squirtle', 'Kyogre', 'Kyogre', 'Magikarp']

Explanation for each code snippet:

1. 4**3 evaluates to 64, and 2**2**3 evaluates to 256 due to the right-to-left associativity of the exponentiation operator (**).

2. The for loop prints the even numbers from 2 to 8 (inclusive) with a step of 2.

3. The while loop prints the even numbers from 2 to 8 (inclusive) with a step of 2.

4. The last element of the list L is popped using L.pop() and inserted at the second-to-last position using L.insert(-1, ...). The resulting list is printed.

5. The while loop iterates until the last element of pokeballs is not equal to “great”. In each iteration, it prints the current state of pokeballs and the result of the comparison pokeballs[-1] == "great".

6. The last element of list2[0] is popped and appended to list1. The resulting list2 is printed.

7. The while loop prints a pattern of dashes and asterisks based on the conditions and iterations.

8. The string “1234” is split into a list, joined with “and”, split again, and the resulting list is modified by appending elements. The variables a, b, and c are printed at different stages.

9. The expression 'dog' in lst and 'hat' in lst[2] evaluates to True because both conditions are true.

10. The expression not True or True and False == False evaluates to True due to the order of operations and the truthiness of the operands.

11. The list symbols is sorted in ascending order using sorted(), and the result is printed. The sort() method is called on symbols and its slices, modifying the original list. The reversed list is printed using slicing with a step of -1.

12. The function someFunc modifies the elements of aList by appending “pika” to each element. The tuple aTuple remains unchanged. The modified aList and the original aTuple are printed.

13. Various slicing operations are performed on the waterTypes list, and the results are printed. The append() method is called on a slice of waterTypes, but the returned value is None. The last line concatenates slices of wT2 and a new element “Magikarp” to create a new list.